Corruption and Transparency

I Facts

A few days before the much-awaited donor conference, the influential International Crisis Group (ICG) recommended to place all the money a "corruption advisor" appointed by the European Commission is committed to Macedonia under the oversight. Donors ignored this and other recommendations.An anti-money laundering legislation belatedly Macedonia recently passed - but yet again, failed to adopt strict anti-corruption laws.

Albania, the Albanian Socialist Party, Fatos Nano, chairman of the Albanian government, through the Albanian media of laundering $ 1 billion was charged. Pavel Borodin, the former chief of Kremlin Property, a Swiss court has decided to appeal his money laundering convictions. Slovak daily "SME" described in scathing detail the newly acquired wealth and lavish lifestyles of formerly impoverished HZDS politicians. Some of them now reside in refurbished castles. Others have swimming pools replete with wine bars.

Pavlo Lazarenko, a former Ukrainian prime minister, San Francisco is taken into custody on charges of money laundering. His defense team, "U.S. officials have accused of selective prosecution.

They are quoted as saying by Radio Free Europe:

"The impetus for this prosecution Kuchma regime, which the corrupt and undemocratic and repressive methods to use ... the political opposition, including Kuchma himself and his close associates (other Ukrainian officials) is dedicated to the clamp by comes from the charges, practices committed to that with which Lazarenko is charged but has been prosecuted American "similar to the government.

UNDP estimated in 1997 that, in rich industrialized countries, 15% of all companies had to pay bribes. In Asia the figure rises to 40% and 60% in Russia.

Corruption is rife and all pervasive, though many allegations are nothing but political mud - that mud. Fortunately, countries like Macedonia, it is confined to his greedy elites: its politicians, managers, university professors, medical doctors, judges, journalists and top bureaucrats. Police and customs are hopelessly compromised. However, one rarely comes across graft and venality in daily life. (As in Russia), no false detentions, spurious traffic tickets (as in Latin America), or public goods and services (as in Africa) are paying for widespread stealthy.

It is widely deterring foreign investment and encouraging brain drain is accepted that corruption retards growth. This leads to the misallocation of economic resources and competition distorts. This affected the land endowments depletes - both natural and acquired. It weakened the trust between citizen and state demolishes. It casts civil and government institutions in doubt, the entire political class, tarnishes, and, thus, democracy and the rule of law endangers, including property rights.

That is why both governments and business show a growing commitment to deal with it. Transparency International Global Corruption Report 2001, "according to corruption has been successfully contained in private banking and the diamond trade, for example.

Therefore, fighting corruption, the World Bank and IMF involvement. Both institutions through rapid economic growth and development are concerned with poverty reduction. The World Bank estimates that corruption affects the country's growth rate from 0.5 to 1 percent a year reduces. Increase in marginal tax rates and corruption in the amount of harmful effects on inward investment as well.

Bank technical assistance to countries, educational programs, and by providing you with lending helps to fight corruption.

Anti-corruption projects of each country assistance strategy (CAS) is an integral part of. Bank of international conferences and exchange of information - provided by the sponsorship supports efforts to reduce corruption. For example, cooperation with Transparency International.

The request of member governments (such as Bosnia-Herzegovina and Romania), the detailed country corruption surveys covering both the public and private sectors have made it. Together with the EBRD, the 3000 firms in 22 transition countries (- Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey beeps) survey published in the corruption. A multilingual hotline for whistleblowers is also established.

The IMF made corruption an integral part of its country evaluation process. The endemically corrupt recipients of IMF financing arrangements with suspended. Since 1997, the misreporting policies, the IMF about the abuse of wealth, poverty reduction, data dissemination, legal and judicial reform, fiscal and monetary transparency, and even the use of debt relief for internal administration ( As such, is under surveillance of financial disclosure by staff members).

However, no one seems to agree on a universal definition of corruption. What amounts to venality in one culture (Sweden), hospitality, or more is considered an expression of gratitude and (Frans, or Italy). Is discussed freely and forgivingly in one place corruption - but concealed shamefully in another. Like other crimes, corruption, perhaps seriously punished under the report.

Moreover, bribing officials, multinational companies, foreign investors and immigrants of an unstated policy.Rich world governments turn a blind eye, even where such practices are against the existing laws and strict.

In his address to the Inter-American Development Bank on March 14, President Bush's Millennium Challenge Account initiative within the framework of the "reward nations that root out corruption" promised. USA has pioneered global anti-corruption and corruption, Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption Council, and the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention in 1997 against the 1996 IAS Inter - American Convention is a signatory. America is a broad Foreign Corrupt Practices Act has had since 1977.

Act applies to all U.S. companies to all companies including foreign ones - traded in the U.S. stock market, and the American sector to foreign and U.S. companies such as bribery. The bribery of foreign officials, political parties, party officials and political candidates in foreign countries to pay for the hood. A similar law has now been adopted by Britain.

However, "The Economist" reports that the U.S. SEC to 1997, only three cases have been brought against listed companies. U.S. Department of Justice brought another 30 cases. Britain successfully since 1889 for the foreign bribery is a tormented by his officers. Netherlands bribery is tax deductible. Transparency International now has a name and shame Bribery Payers Index to complement 91 country strong Corruption Perceptions Index is published.

Many rich world corporations and wealthy individuals off-shore havens or "special purpose entities" to launder money, to make illicit payments, avoid or evade taxes, and use to hide assets or liabilities . According to Swiss authorities, more than $ 40 billion are held by Russia in its banking system alone. Figure 5 to 10 times higher in the United Kingdom may be tax havens.

A survey of 82 companies it invests, "Friends, Ivory, and Sime" found that only a quarter last month to clear anti-corruption management and accountability system was in place.

Chile, Argentina, Bulgaria, and Brazil: four non-OECD members - effectively only 35 countries, "International Business Transactions Conference on combating bribery of foreign public officials" signed the OECD in 1997. The conference has been in force since February 1999 and the many OECD anti-corruption drives, among which are SIGMA (Administration and Central and Eastern European countries to improve management support), (ACN Europe Anti-Corruption Network for Transition Economies in), and the Financial Action Task Force (Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering).

In addition, the moral right to preach against corruption in poor countries - IMF, World Bank, EU, OECD officials - their ostentatious lifestyle, conspicuous consumption, and "practical" morality is stressful.

II. What? What is being done?

Two years ago, I corruption, venality and corruption of a proposed classification. I suggested this cumulative definition:

A service, information, or goods that, by law, and by right, should be provided or have been divulged to the withholding.

A service, information, or goods that, by law, and should not properly have been provided or divulged are provided.

authority or function of the withholder or the provider.

As disclosed.

The service, information, or goods that are withheld because no benefit was provided or promised by the recipient is prohibited.

There is also the World Bank calls "State Capture" defined thus:

"Individuals, groups, or firms, both in public and private sectors, illegal and non - transparent as a result of provisions of laws, regulations, orders, and other government policies for the benefit of their own to influence the formation of actions of government officials for private gain. "

We can classify the results according to the corrupt and venal behaviors are:

Income Supplement - Corrupt actions whose sole outcome as a "real world" without affecting the provider's income is supplementing.


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